When discussing graphene, we must initially point out the natural mineral graphite that is commonly present in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are carefully linked, but the mix of carbon atoms in between various layers hangs, like a stack of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly glide apart.
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From the point of view of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms develop a regular hexagonal ring on the exact same airplane, stretching to form a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is among the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite includes concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to peel off a single layer structure.
Greater than 20 years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there should be a method to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
How can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took a really “simple and crude” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Much like when we create a typo on paper, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, researchers boldly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface area of paper, can it additionally stick to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, researchers stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split into 2. Although the thickness of graphite currently is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have confirmed the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is utilized, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding using this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to duplicate the operation, they ultimately obtained a slim sheet consisting of just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this approach of continuously scrubing graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has reduced manufacturing performance and can just be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the renovation of scientific and technical levels, the prep work technique of graphene has actually likewise made excellent progression. Today, in addition to this standard physical and mechanical peeling method, there are likewise numerous techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox approach, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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